George Dulin
M, (circa 1866 - )
Last Edited=8 Nov 2007
James Jim Dulin
M, (5 July 1837 - 6 November 1895)
James Dulin
James Dulin, Private, Company F, 34th Texas Calvary
James Dulin was born in Henry County, Georgia on July 5, 1837. His father was Sugar Dulin and his mother was Tabitha Howard. James was the grandson of the first Sugar Dulin who lived in North Carolina and was a Revolutionary War veteran. James was an only son. His mother died when he was quite young and he was sent to live with his maternal grandparents. They both died a few years later and he went to live with one of his uncles.
When he was seventeen his uncle offered to send him to school, instead he joined a wagon train bound for Texas. He had no money and worked his way eventually to Rush County. After a short time he went with the Hittson family to Crow Creek country in Hill County. In 1856 James and his friends the Hittson's moved to Grindstone Creek in Parker County. After assisting in the organization of Parker County, James moved to Palo Pinto County. He then moved to Hubbard Creek in what is now Callahan County.
In 1859, James and six others under the leadership of Joel McKee left Texas for the gold mines of Colorado. He was not successful at this venture and went to New Mexico. After working through the winter cutting saw logs, he returned to Colorado the next spring, locating in California Gulch.
Again unsuccessful, James returned to Texas in the fall of 1860. He stayed a short while in Hopkins County and then returned to Palo Pinto County. The Comanches were causing a lot of trouble during this period and a few weeks after his return James joined a party led by Sul Ross to follow and punish the Indians. He was with this party at the Pease River Fight where Cynthia Ann Parker (mother of Quannah Parker) was recovered after twenty years of captivity. After this campaign James engaged in the cattle business and went with a herd from Calahan County to the mouth of the Red River in Louisiana.
In February 1862 James enlisted in Company F (Alexander’s Regiment) of the 34th Texas Cavalry under David B. Cleveland in Palo Pinto County. On the company muster roll records James is listed as "absent, on detached service. Due for use of arms $10.50 to Dec. 17, 1862, for mileage for 180 miles" and "Detailed November 4th, 1862, to herd beeves left at Camp Kiamishi (sic)."
After the war James took up the stock business as a regular occupation. In 1867 he took a herd to Missouri for Colonel Jim Childs and shortly thereafter drove a herd to Shreveport for Cummings and Vinnette. He next made a drive to Abilene, Kansas for Jim Scoby. When he returned to Sherman he was put in charge of a wagon train hauling freight between points along the Red River and Fort Smith, Arkansas. He continued in this business for three years at which time he moved to Indian Territory.
James Dulin married first in 1864 in Texas to Janie Moore. They had one son named George Dulin.
In 1871 James married Pocahontas Walner in Indian Territory. She was born in Indian Territory and died 17 Apr 1879, in the Chickasaw Nation, Pontotoc, Co. (now Paoli, Garvin Co., the Chickasaw Nation was divided into counties), Oklahoma, and was buried in the Dulin Family Cemetery in Paoli, Garvin Co., Oklahoma. They had two children: Susie and Simpson Dulin (my grandfather). Pocahontas was a member of the Chickasaw Nation and the daughter of a famous physican, William Walner, for whom the author of this article is named. Dr. Walner had long been a doctor for the Chicksaws. Her mother was Susan Carter, a Chickasaw. By this marriage to Pocahontas, James acquired the rights of Chickasaw citizenship. He and his wife settled on the Blue River twelve miles west of Caddo, Indian Territory. They lived there until the spring of 1878 at which time they moved to what would become the townsite of Paoli, Oklahoma. While at Blue River two children were born to them, Susie and Simpson. On April 17, 1879 Pocahontas died while in childbirth. The child was stillborn.
James married a third time in September 1879 to Lizzie Bergin. She was living in Norman, Oklahoma Territory when James died and I have been told she was buried in Norman, Cleveland Co., Oklahoma. James and Lizzie Dulin had two children: Fanny and Lizzie Dulin.
In 1886 the Sante Fe Railroad built its road bed through his property and the town of Paoli was established there.
James Dulin died of pneumonia on November 6, 1895. He is buried in the Dulin Family Cemetery along with his wife, Pocahontas, his father-in-law, William Walner and the stillborn child. The cemetery is located within the city limits of Paoli, Garvin Co., Oklahoma. At the time of his death he owned some 4 miles square (10,000 acres) of Washita Valley land. The foundation of his house still remains. He was a member of the Caddo Masonic lodge and later a member of the Pauls Valley Masonic lodge. The author of this article is his great-grandson.
Sources
1. Historical and Biographical Record of The Cattle Industry and The Cattlemen of Texas and Adjacent Territory, Woodward & Tiernan Publishing Co., St. Louis, Missouri, 1895.
2. Leaders and Leading Men of the Indian Territory, Harry F. O'Beirne, Chicago, 1891.
3. Indian Pioneer History.
4. The personal knowledge of the author, William W. Dulin
By
William W. Dulin
4985 Seibert Ave.
St. Louis, MO 63123.
Last Edited=25 Apr 2021
Child of James Jim Dulin and Janie Moore
- George Dulin (c 1866 - )
Children of James Jim Dulin and Pocahontas Walner
- Simpson (Simp) Dulin+ (20 Jan 1875 - 14 Dec 1940)
- Susan (Susie) M. Dulin (Sep 1875 - 1945)
- Still Born Dulin (1880 - 1880)
Children of James Jim Dulin and Martha Elizabeth (Lizzie) Whittingham
- Veta Elizabeth Lizzie Dulin (Oct 1886 - 1965)
- Frances Fannie Dulin (Jun 1889 - 1971)
James Parker Dulin
M, (18 July 1904 - 19 February 1986)
James Parker Dulin was born on 18 July 1904 at Indian Territory, USA. He was the son of Simpson (Simp) Dulin and Fannie Johnson. James Parker Dulin died on 19 February 1986 at age 81. He was buried at Paoli Cemetery, at Paoli, Garvin County, OK, USA.
Last Edited=28 Dec 2014
Simpson (Simp) Dulin
M, (20 January 1875 - 14 December 1940)
Simpson (Simp) Dulin was born on 20 January 1875 at Caddo, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory, USA. 1900 census of twp 4, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory gives a Jan 1874 date. He was the son of James Jim Dulin and Pocahontas Walner. Simpson (Simp) Dulin married Fannie Johnson circa 1902 at Indian Territory, USA. Simpson (Simp) Dulin appeared on the census of 1902 at Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory, USA. The census lists the family as: Chick/Dawes Rolls #1285 Card 438 1/16.. He died on 14 December 1940 at Paoli, Garvin County, OK, USA, at age 65. He was buried at Paoli Cemetery, at Paoli, Garvin County, OK, USA.
Last Edited=28 Dec 2014
Child of Simpson (Simp) Dulin and Fannie Johnson
- James Parker Dulin (18 Jul 1904 - 19 Feb 1986)
Still Born Dulin
?, (1880 - 1880)
Still Born Dulin was born in 1880 at Paoli, Garvin County, OK, USA. Still Born Dulin was the child of James Jim Dulin and Pocahontas Walner. Still Born Dulin was buried at Dulin Family Cemetery, at Garvin County, OK, USA. Still Born Dulin died in 1880 at Paoli, Garvin County, OK.
Last Edited=14 Sep 2016
Susan (Susie) M. Dulin
F, (September 1875 - 1945)
Susan (Susie) M. Dulin was born in September 1875 at Caddo, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory, USA. 1900 census of twp 4, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory. Age 31 at the 1910 census of Boley, Okfuskee County, OK; described as a Mulatto. She was the daughter of James Jim Dulin and Pocahontas Walner. Susan (Susie) M. Dulin married Ernest Lee McCrummen on 16 March 1897 at Paoli, Garvin County, OK, USA. License issued by County Judge. Married by A. B. Morrison, MG.. Susan (Susie) M. Dulin appeared on the census of 1902 at Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory, USA. The census lists the family as: Chick/Dawes Rolls #1234 Card 408 1/16.. She died in 1945 at Paoli, Garvin County, OK. She was buried at Paoli Cemetery, at Paoli, Garvin County, OK, USA.
Last Edited=20 Apr 2018
Family: Susan (Susie) M. Dulin and Ernest Lee McCrummen
Veta Elizabeth Lizzie Dulin
F, (October 1886 - 1965)
Veta Elizabeth Lizzie Dulin was born in October 1886 at Indian Territory, USA. 1900 census, she is listed as a Ward of Thomas W. Jackson along with sister Fannie. She was the daughter of James Jim Dulin and Martha Elizabeth (Lizzie) Whittingham. Veta Elizabeth Lizzie Dulin died in 1965 at Pauls Valley, Garvin County, OK, USA.
Last Edited=22 Jul 2019
Bridget Dunbar
F, (1856 - )
Bridget Dunbar was born in 1856 at Townsend, Huron County, OH, USA. Age 14 at the 1870 census. Age 10 at the 1870 Census of Huron County, OH. She was the daughter of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan.
Last Edited=14 Aug 2019
Catherine Dunbar
F, (1866 - )
Catherine Dunbar was born in 1866 at Townsend, Huron County, OH, USA. Age 4 at 1870 census. She was the daughter of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan.
Last Edited=8 Apr 2020
Ella Dunbar
F, (1863 - )
Ella Dunbar was born in 1863 at Townsend, Huron County, OH, USA. Age 7 at the 1870 census. She was the daughter of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan.
Last Edited=27 May 2017
John R Dunbar
M, (1860 - 1929)
John R Dunbar was born in 1860 at Townsend, Huron County, OH, USA. Age 10 at the 1870 census. He was the son of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan. John R Dunbar died in 1929 at worthington, Franklin County, OH, USA.
Last Edited=10 May 2021
Margaret Dunbar
F, (6 August 1858 - 25 October 1916)
Margaret Dunbar was born on 6 August 1858 at Townsend, Huron County, OH, USA. Age 12 at the 1870 census.1 She was the daughter of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan. She married John Bacon Bartlett at OH, USA, on 3 August 1882.2 Margaret Dunbar died on 25 October 1916 at Toledo, Lucas County, OH, USA, at age 58.1 She was buried at Bellevue Cemetery, at Bellevue, Huron County, OH, USA.
Ohio Death Cert No 62216.
Ohio Death Cert No 62216.
Last Edited=28 Sep 2017
Children of Margaret Dunbar and John Bacon Bartlett
- Paul Hotchkin Bartlett+ (15 Mar 1886 - 18 Apr 1912)
- Marguerite Irene Bartlett+ (18 Sep 1889 - 27 Nov 1979)
- Helen Ruth Bartlett+ (9 Dec 1897 - 19 May 1969)
Mary A Dunbar
F, (1853 - 13 May 1882)
Mary A Dunbar was born in 1853 at Townsend, Huron County, OH, USA. Age 17 at the 1870 census. She was the daughter of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan. Mary A Dunbar died on 13 May 1882. She was buried at Saint Mary Cemetery, at Norwalk, Huron County, OH, USA.
Last Edited=10 May 2021
Michael Dunbar
M, (14 September 1814 - 13 November 1897)
Michael Dunbar was born on 14 September 1814 at Kilmore, County Mayo, Ireland. He married Nancy Ann Monahan circa 1852. Michael Dunbar appeared on the census of 1870 at Townsend Twp, Huron County, OH, USA. The census lists the family as: Michael Dunbar, 56, farmer, born Ireland; Nancy, 43, born Ireland; Mary, 17, born OH; Nancy, 15, born OH; Bridget, 14, born OH; Margaret, 12, born OH; John, 10, born OH; Ella, 7, born OH; Catherine, 4, born OH.. He died on 13 November 1897 at Wakeman, Huron County, OH, USA, at age 83. Ohio, Rutherfore B. Hayes Presidential Center Obituary Index, 1810 to 2013.. He was buried at Saint Marys Cemetery, at Wakeman, Huron County, OH, USA.
Last Edited=27 May 2017
Children of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan
- Mary A Dunbar (1853 - 13 May 1882)
- Nancy Ann Dunbar (1855 - 30 May 1911)
- Bridget Dunbar (1856 - )
- Margaret Dunbar+ (6 Aug 1858 - 25 Oct 1916)
- John R Dunbar (1860 - 1929)
- Ella Dunbar (1863 - )
- Catherine Dunbar (1866 - )
Nancy Ann Dunbar
F, (1855 - 30 May 1911)
Nancy Ann Dunbar was born in 1855 at Townsend, Huron County, OH, USA. Age 15 at the 1870 census. She was the daughter of Michael Dunbar and Nancy Ann Monahan. Nancy Ann Dunbar died on 30 May 1911 at Toledo, Lucas County, OH, USA.
Last Edited=22 Jul 2019
Robert (Bob) Duncan
M
Robert (Bob) Duncan married Denice Marie Anians, daughter of Jack R. Anians and Dorothy J. Miller, circa 1990 at IL, USA.
Last Edited=16 Mar 2008
Family: Robert (Bob) Duncan and Denice Marie Anians
Sarah Elizabeth Ramindy Duncan
F, (19 December 1828 - 26 January 1918)
Sarah Elizabeth Ramindy Duncan was born on 19 December 1828 at Elbert County, GA, USA. Age 21 at the 1850 census. She married John Clark Edwards at Elbert County, GA, circa 1842. Sarah Elizabeth Ramindy Duncan died on 26 January 1918 at Toccoa, Stephens County, GA, USA, at age 89. She was buried at Toccoa Cemetery, at Toccoa, Stephens County, GA, USA.
Last Edited=19 Nov 2016
Children of Sarah Elizabeth Ramindy Duncan and John Clark Edwards
- Mary J. Edwards (1844 - )
- John Nathaniel Edwards (21 Jun 1847 - 29 Apr 1897)
- Serieta Elizabeth Edwards (28 Mar 1849 - 10 Jul 1935)
- Stephen Thomas Edwards (2 Mar 1851 - 20 Oct 1919)
- Sarah Ann Edwards (1854 - 1930)
- Martha P. Edwards (1858 - )
- William Cornelius Edwards (15 Apr 1859 - 13 Mar 1942)
- John R Edwards (10 Aug 1861 - 7 Dec 1928)
- George Washington Edwards (1862 - 13 Sep 1924)
- Lafayette Asbury Edwards (6 Feb 1866 - 1916)
- Daniel Webster Edwards+ (Nov 1868 - 18 Sep 1931)
- Minnie Edwards (1872 - 15 Jan 1934)
Anthony J. Dunlevy
M, (1864 - 21 November 1908)
Anthony J. Dunlevy was born in 1864 at NY, USA. Age 6 at the 1870 census of New York City. Son Harrison says in his world war draft registration that father was born in Wheeling, WV. He married Anna Louisa Coulter, daughter of Archibald Coulter and Celestia L. Post, on 13 December 1888 at Tilden, Madison County, NE, USA.1 Anthony J. Dunlevy died on 21 November 1908 at Tilden, Madison County, NE. He was buried at IOOF Cemetery, at Tilden, Madison County, NE, USA.
Last Edited=15 Dec 2014
Children of Anthony J. Dunlevy and Anna Louisa Coulter
- Helen Louisa Dunlevy2 (11 Mar 1890 - 1967)
- Margaret J. Dunlevy1 (23 Feb 1892 - 22 Aug 1905)
- Harrison Luicart Dunlevy (3 Dec 1896 - 1 Jul 1960)
- Howard M. Dunlevy (18 Dec 1899 - 10 Jul 1902)
Harrison Luicart Dunlevy
M, (3 December 1896 - 1 July 1960)
Harrison Luicart Dunlevy was born on 3 December 1896 at Tilden, Madison County, NE, USA. Age 3, born Dec 1896 in Jefferson, Madison, IA census. WWI Draft Registration gives birth location and date. He was the son of Anthony J. Dunlevy and Anna Louisa Coulter. Harrison Luicart Dunlevy registered for the World War I Draft on 5 June 1918 while living at Kansas City, Jackson County, MO, USA. The registration card gave additional information on him: "He is living at the Kansas City YMCA, says his father was born in Wheeling WV and his mother, Mrs A. L. Dunlevy lives in Excelsior Springs, MO.". He died on 1 July 1960 at Kansas City, Jackson County, MO, at age 63. He was buried at Mount Moriah Cemetery, at Kansas City, Jackson County, MO, USA.
Last Edited=2 Apr 2017
Helen Louisa Dunlevy1
F, (11 March 1890 - 1967)
Helen Louisa Dunlevy was born on 11 March 1890 at NE, USA. Age 10, born mar 1890, 1890 Jefferson, Madison, NE census.1 She was the daughter of Anthony J. Dunlevy and Anna Louisa Coulter.1 Helen Louisa Dunlevy died in 1967 at Excelsior Springs, Clay County, MO, USA. She was buried at Masonic Cemetery, at Excelsior Springs, Clay County, MO, USA.
Last Edited=14 Jul 2018
Citations
- [S610] Talma Clark Hendrick, Genealogical Diary of Talma Clark Hendrick, The day of the birth is hard to read and may be in error.
Howard M. Dunlevy
M, (18 December 1899 - 10 July 1902)
Howard M. Dunlevy was born on 18 December 1899 at Jefferson, Greene County, IA, USA. Age 8/12, born Dec 1899 in 1890 census of Jefferson, Madison, IA. He was the son of Anthony J. Dunlevy and Anna Louisa Coulter. Howard M. Dunlevy died on 10 July 1902 at Madison County, NE, USA, at age 2. He was buried at IOOF Cemetery, at Tilden, Madison County, NE, USA.
Last Edited=27 Dec 2014
Margaret J. Dunlevy1
F, (23 February 1892 - 22 August 1905)
Margaret J. Dunlevy was born on 23 February 1892 at NE, USA. Age 8, born feb 1892 in 1900 census of Jefferson, Madison, NE.1 She was the daughter of Anthony J. Dunlevy and Anna Louisa Coulter.1 Margaret J. Dunlevy died on 22 August 1905 at Madison County, NE, USA, at age 13. She was buried at IOOF Cemetery, at Tilden, Madison County, NE, USA.
Last Edited=27 Dec 2014
Citations
- [S610] Talma Clark Hendrick, Genealogical Diary of Talma Clark Hendrick.
Emma G. Dunn
F, (15 November 1858 - 18 May 1883)
Emma G. Dunn was born on 15 November 1858 at Indian Territory, USA. She married Patrick Henry Littlepage circa 1879 at Indian Territory. Emma G. Dunn died on 18 May 1883 at Indian Territory at age 24. She was buried at Westview Cemetery, at Atoka, Atoka County, OK, USA.
Last Edited=13 Aug 2016
Children of Emma G. Dunn and Patrick Henry Littlepage
- Mary Littlepage (Oct 1877 - 15 Jun 1933)
- Patrick Henry Littlepage (21 Jul 1881 - 30 Jul 1888)
Alanson B. Dunning
M, (1 July 1810 - 10 June 1889)
Alanson B. Dunning was born on 1 July 1810 at Galway, Saratoga County, NY, USA. He was the son of Leman Dunning and Mary Polly Goodrich. Alanson B. Dunning died on 10 June 1889 at Yates County, NY, USA, at age 78. He was buried at Webster Rural Cemetery, at Webster, Monroe County, NY, USA.
Last Edited=27 Dec 2014
Allen Goodrich Dunning
M, (13 June 1818 - 7 May 1868)
Allen Goodrich Dunning was born on 13 June 1818 at Bluff Point, Yates County, NY, USA. He was the son of Leman Dunning and Mary Polly Goodrich. Allen Goodrich Dunning died on 7 May 1868 at Prattsburgh, Steuben County, NY, USA, at age 49. He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery, at Hammondsport, Steuben County, NY, USA.
Last Edited=14 Jul 2018
Bradley Pulling Dunning
M, (14 December 1827 - 16 August 1851)
Bradley Pulling Dunning was born on 14 December 1827 at Bluff Point, Yates County, NY, USA. He was the son of Leman Dunning and Mary Polly Goodrich. Bradley Pulling Dunning died on 16 August 1851 at Yates County, NY, USA, at age 23.
Last Edited=14 Jul 2018
Desiah Dunning
F, (13 November 1821 - 19 September 1899)
Desiah was born at Bluff Point, Yates County, NY, USA, on 13 November 1821. She was the daughter of Leman Dunning and Mary Polly Goodrich. She married Joseph Beriah Hotchkin at Urbana, Steuben County, NY, USA, on 3 April 1844. Married by Rev James Hervey Hotchkin.. Desiah died on 19 September 1899 at Prattsburgh, Steuben County, NY, USA, at age 77.1 She was buried at Prattsburgh Pioneer Cemetery, at Prattsburgh, Steuben County, NY, USA.
Last Edited=4 Jan 2008
Children of Desiah Dunning and Joseph Beriah Hotchkin
- Leman Beriah Hotchkin (10 Feb 1845 - 31 Aug 1881)
- Lucius W. Hotchkin (12 Oct 1847 - 23 Jun 1864)
- Maria L. Hotchkin (31 Aug 1848 - 15 Aug 1864)
- Levi Oliver Hotchkin+ (4 Aug 1850 - 11 Jun 1921)
- Agnes D. Hotchkin (8 Oct 1854 - 15 Aug 1864)
- Charles D. Hotchkin (24 Apr 1857 - 2 Aug 1864)
- Fannie Hotchkin (5 Nov 1860 - 7 Aug 1864)
- Joseph A. Hotchkin (26 Aug 1862 - 2 Aug 1864)
Citations
- [S208] Prattsburg Historical Society Records.
Leman Dunning
M, (3 September 1781 - 3 November 1853)
Leman Dunning was born on 3 September 1781 at Brookfield, Fairfield County, CT, USA. He married Mary Polly Goodrich at Galway, Saratoga County, NY, USA, on 1 October 1807. Leman Dunning died on 3 November 1853 at Bluff Point, Yates County, NY, USA, at age 72. He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery, at Hammondsport, Steuben County, NY, USA.
Last Edited=14 Jul 2018
Children of Leman Dunning and Mary Polly Goodrich
- Nancy Maria Dunning (24 Aug 1808 - 19 Oct 1879)
- Alanson B. Dunning (1 Jul 1810 - 10 Jun 1889)
- Leman Osander Dunning (14 Apr 1814 - 25 Apr 1888)
- Levi Oliver Dunning (19 Jun 1816 - 7 Jun 1904)
- Allen Goodrich Dunning (13 Jun 1818 - 7 May 1868)
- Desiah Dunning+ (13 Nov 1821 - 19 Sep 1899)
- Sarah E. Dunning (7 Dec 1824 - 19 Aug 1892)
- Bradley Pulling Dunning (14 Dec 1827 - 16 Aug 1851)
- Mary Harriet Dunning (24 Jun 1832 - 12 Dec 1865)
Leman Osander Dunning
M, (14 April 1814 - 25 April 1888)
Leman Osander Dunning was born on 14 April 1814 at Saratoga, Saratoga County, NY, USA. He was the son of Leman Dunning and Mary Polly Goodrich. Leman Osander Dunning died on 25 April 1888 at Prattsburgh, Steuben County, NY, USA, at age 74. He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery, at Hammondsport, Steuben County, NY, USA.
Last Edited=14 Jul 2018
Levi Oliver Dunning
M, (19 June 1816 - 7 June 1904)
Levi Oliver Dunning was born on 19 June 1816 at Saratoga, Saratoga County, NY, USA. He was the son of Leman Dunning and Mary Polly Goodrich. Levi Oliver Dunning died on 7 June 1904 at Penn Yan, Yates County, NY, USA, at age 87. Rochester NY Democrat & Chronicle 6/8/1904;
Levi O Dunning, age 88, died 6/7/1904 in Penn Yan. He was born in Saratoga County 6/19/1816. In August, 1839, he married Loretta S Hopkins, who survives.
Prattsburgh NY Times 6/9/1904: He was a brother of L O Dunning. He leaves a widow, and an adopted daughter, Mrs Raymond.. He was buried at Lakeview Cemetery, at Penn Yan, Yates County, NY, USA.
Levi O Dunning, age 88, died 6/7/1904 in Penn Yan. He was born in Saratoga County 6/19/1816. In August, 1839, he married Loretta S Hopkins, who survives.
Prattsburgh NY Times 6/9/1904: He was a brother of L O Dunning. He leaves a widow, and an adopted daughter, Mrs Raymond.. He was buried at Lakeview Cemetery, at Penn Yan, Yates County, NY, USA.
Last Edited=14 Jul 2018